• software 
    • DBMS 
      • created to add special-purpose features and functions on top of  of raw GIS mapping capability 
  • data 
    • external geospatial data 
      • open 
  • people 
    • common types of GIS applications 
      • casual users 
      • BI Users 
      • Developers 
      • Operations Personnel 
      • Field Personnel 
  • how ar GIS constructed 
    • raster maps 
      • pixels 
      • usually color value 
      • easy to create 
    • vector maps 
      • points, lines, and shapes 
      • difficult to create 
      • scale perfectly 
    • mapping the earth 
      • elevations 
      • shape of the earth 
      • map projection a technique for placing locations on the surface of the earth on to a flat surface 

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