Extra Credit Assignment: Read the article "Computer Models of Creativity" by Margaret A. Boden.
One characteristic that distinguishes humans from machines is that we are creative.  This has been a long-time goal for AI community, to build intelligent machines that are also creative. However, the community has fallen short. Many otherwise hard-headed scientists, doubt—or even deny outright—the possibility of a computer’s ever being creative.
a. What is creativity? What are the types of creativity? Can computer models to mimic creativity be designed?
b. Write in your words an essay on "Are computers really creative?"
Paper must be word-processed in 12-point font, with 1 in. margins all around, double- spaced, and saved in Microsoft Word or Adobe PDF format. The student’s name and a descriptive title should be in the header of the first page; page numbers should be in the footer of every page after the first. Follow APA editorial style (see: http://apastyle.apa.org/).
Concepts
  1. A psychological novelty, or P-creative idea, is one that’s new to the person who generated it. It doesn’t matter how many times, if any, other people have had that idea before.
  2. A historical novelty, or H-creative idea, is one that is P-creative and has never occurred in history before(page 2)
    1. our explanation must fit with the fact that creativity isn’t a special faculty, possessed only by a tiny Romantic elite. Rather, it’s a feature of human intelligence in general. (2)
      1. Examples:  Every time someone makes a witty remark, sings a new song to his or her sleepy baby, or even appreciates the topical political cartoons in the daily newspaper, that person is relying on processes of creative thought that are available to all of us. (2)
      2. AI Computer system achieving this
        1. For example, a quarter century ago, an AI program designed a three-dimensional silicon chip that was awarded a patent— which requires that the invention must not be “obvious to a person skilled in the art” (Lenat 1983). And the AARON program (mentioned below) that generates beautifully colored drawings is described by its human originator as a “worldclass” colorist. So it’s presumably H-creative—and it’s certainly capable of coming up with color schemes that he himself admits he wouldn’t have had the courage to use. (2)
    2. 3 types of psychological novelty  
      1. Novel ideas may be produced by combination, by exploration, or by transformation (Boden 2004). Combinational creativity produces unfamiliar combinations of familiar ideas, and it works by making associations between ideas that were previously only indirectly linked. Examples include many cases of poetic imagery, collage in visual art, and mimicry of cuckoo song in a classical symphony. Analogy is a form of combinational creativity that exploits shared conceptual structure and is widely used in science as well as art. (Think of William Harvey’s description of the heart as a pump, or of the Bohr-Rutherford solar system model of the atom.)
      2. Exploratory creativity rests on some culturally accepted style of thinking, or “conceptual space.” This may be a theory of chemical molecules, a style of painting or music, or a particular national cuisine. The space is defined (and constrained) by a set of generative rules. Usually, these rules are largely, or even wholly, implicit. Every structure produced by following them will fit the style concerned, just as any word string generated by English syntax will be a gramatically acceptable English sentence
    3. Computer p creativity
      1. Even P-creativity in computers need not match all the previous achievements of human beings. Years ago, in the early days of AI, Seymour Papert used to warn AI researchers, and their sceptical critics, against “the superhuman human fallacy.” That is, we shouldn’t say that AI has failed simply because it can’t match the heights of human intelligence. (After all, most of us can’t do that either.) We should try to understand mundane thinking first, and worry about the exceptional cases only much later. His warning applies to AI work on creativity, too. If AI cannot simulate the rich creativity of Shakespeare and Shostakovich, it doesn’t follow that it can teach us nothing about the sorts of processes that go on in human minds—including theirs—when people think new thoughts.
Definitions
  1. Creativity - “Creativity can be defined as the ability to generate novel, and valuable, ideas”. ( page 2)
    1. Valuable -  “Valuable, here, has many meanings: interesting, useful, beautiful, simple, richly complex, and so on” (page 2)
    2. Ideas covers many meanings too: not only ideas as such (concepts, theories, interpretations, stories), but also artifacts such as graphic images, sculptures, houses, and jet engines.(2)




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